Validity of the Maturation Stage Method in the Individual Assessment of Midpalatal Suture Ossification Before Maxillary Expansion: A Systematic Review / Validez del Método de la Etapa de Maduración en la Evaluación Individual de la Osificación de la Sutura Palatina Mediana Previo a la Expansión Maxilar: Una Revisión Sistemática

In 2013, midpalatal suture maturation stage assessment was proposed for the evaluation of patients before performing maxillary expansion. In this study, we aimed to analyze the association between the midpalatal suture maturation stages assessed by CBCT, according to the method described by Angelieri et al., and other objective methods used to assess skeletal maturation or bone fusion. A computerized database search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO, LILACS, Web of Science, and Scopus, without language restriction. Unpublished literature was searched on ClinicalTrials.gov, the National Research Register, and Pro-Quest Dissertation Abstracts and Thesis database. Authors were contacted when necessary, and reference lists of the included studies were screened. Search terms included midpalatal suture, maturation, correlation, diagnostic performance, classification, evaluation, assessment, and relationship. Quality assessment was performed using the Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies tool developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Of all the studies included, 81.9% had fair qualit y and 18.1% good quality, respectively. Eight out of eleven studies assessed the correlation between the midpalatal suture maturation method and the skeletal maturity evaluated by CVM method (Spearman's correlation coefficient: 0.244-0.908). Two out of eleven studies evaluated the correlation between midpalatal suture maturation method and the skeletal maturity assessed by HWM method (Spearman's correlation coefficient: 0.904-0.905) Even though midpalatal suture maturation stage assessment needs an exhaustive training and calibration process, it is a valid method to evaluate skeletal maturation or bone fusion. From a clinical perspective, for patients at CS4, CS5 and CS6, an assessment of the midpalatal suture on CBCT is indicated. A similar assessment should be done in patients at SMI 7-9.

En 2013, se propuso un nuevo método para la evaluación del estadio de maduración de la sutura palatina mediana para la evaluación de los pacientes antes de realizar la expansión maxilar. En este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue analizar la asociación entre las etapas de maduración de la sutura palatina mediana evaluada en CBCT, según el método descrito por Angelieri et al., y otros métodos objetivos utilizados para evaluar la maduración esquelética o la fusión ósea. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO, LILACS, Web of Science y Scopus, sin restricción de idioma. Se buscó literatura no publicada en ClinicalTrials.gov, el Registro Nacional de Investigación y la base de datos Pro-Quest Dissertation Abstracts and Thesis. Se estableció contacto con los autores cuando fue necesario y se revisaron las listas de referencias de los estudios incluidos. Los términos de búsqueda incluyeron sutura palatina mediana, maduración, correlación, rendimiento diagnóstico, clasificación, evaluación, valoración y relación. La evaluación de la calidad se realizó mediante la herramienta de Estudios transversales y de cohortes observacionales desarrollada por el Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre. Once estudios cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Del total de estudios incluidos, el 81.9% tuvo calidad regular y el 18.1% calidad buena, respectivamente. Ocho de once estudios evaluaron la correlación entre el método de maduración de la sutura palatina mediana y la madurez esquelética evaluada por el método CVM (coeficiente de correlación de Spearman: 0.244-0.908). Dos de once estudios evaluaron la correlación entre el método de maduración de la sutura palatina mediana y la madurez esquelética evaluada por el método HWM (coeficiente de correlación de Spearman: 0.904-0.905). Aunque la evaluación del estado de maduración de la sutura palatina mediana necesita un proceso exhaustivo de entrenamiento y calibración, es un método válido para evaluar la maduración esquelética o la fusión ósea. Desde una perspectiva clínica, para pacientes en CS4, CS5 y CS6, está indicada una evaluación de la sutura palatina mediana en CBCT. Se debe realizar una evaluación similar en pacientes con SMI 7-9.

Body morphology and bone age in girls with obesity and without obesity aged 8 to 15 years: a cross-sectional study / Morfologia corporal e idade óssea em meninas com obesidade e sem obesidade de 8 a 15 anos: um estudo transversal

Introduction: childhood obesity is one of the main public health problems worldwide, leading to health status repercussions and growth and maturation process implications in both children and adolescents. Objective: the aim of this study was to verify body morphology and bone age variations in girls with obesity and without obesity. Methodology: this comprises a cross-sectional study conducted with 140 girls aged 8 to 15 years old, 70 with obesity and 70 without obesity. Hip and waist circumferences, body mass, height and and Body Mass Index (BMI) were determined. For maturation status determinations, bone ages were determined by a left wrist and hand radiography employing the Fels method. Results: the findigs indicate significant correlations between nutritional and maturation statuses (r=0.80; p˂0.01). Girls with obesity presented higher weight and BMI values, larger waist and hip circumferences and more advanced bone age compared to girls without obesity (p˂0.01). The same significant differences (p˂0.01) were noted in the contrasting maturational group analysis, where girls presenting advanced maturation always exhibited the highest parameter values. Conclusion: nutritional status is associated to maturation status, and girls with obesity exhibit more advanced bone age than girls without obesity.

Introdução: a obesidade infantil é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública mundial, com repercussões no estado de saúde e implicações no processo de crescimento e maturação de crianças e adolescentes. Objetivo: verificar a variação da morfologia corporal e da idade óssea em meninas com e sem obesidade. Metodologia: estudo transversal conduzido com 140 meninas de 8 a 15 anos de idade, sendo 70 meninas com obesidade e 70 sem obesidade. Foram mensuradas as circunferências do quadril e da cintura, massa corporal, altura e o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Para o status maturacional foi determinada a idade óssea por meio de radiografia de punho e mão esquerdos pelo Método Fels. Resultados: os resultados apontaram a existência de correlação entre o status nutricional e o status maturacional (r=0,80; p˂0,01). As meninas com obesidade apresentaram maior peso, IMC mais elevado, circunferências maiores e idade óssea mais avançada quando comparadas às meninas sem obesidade (p˂0,01). Na análise dos grupos maturacionais contrastantes as mesmas diferenças se apresentaram com valores significativos (p˂0,01), sendo as meninas avançadas maturacionalmente sempre com valores superiores. Conclusão: o status nutricional apresentou correlação com o status maturacional, e as meninas com obesidade apresentam idade óssea mais avançada que aquelas sem obesidade

Estimation of the predictive effect of body mass index-percentile on skeletal maturation in a Nigerian population

To determine the predicting the effect of BMI-index percentile on the skeletal maturation of Nigerian children. Design: A prospective cross-sectional study. Setting: This study was conducted in a tertiary health care facility in North-Central Nigeria. Participants: Children between the ages of 5-17 years consisting of 44 males and 30 females that presented in the Child Dental clinic over a period of eight months were recruited for the study. Main outcome measured: Skeletal maturation was assessed using the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) while the standard WHO growth chart specific for age (2-20 years) and gender was used for grading BMI-percentile. The unpaired t-test was used to compare mean chronological age of the stages of MP3 according to gender. Multinomial logistic regression used to determine the predictive effect of age, gender and BMI percentile on pubertal growth spurt. Results: The BMI-percentile had weak correlation with the pubertal growth spurt (r=0.089, p=0.448). Gender (p=0.004) and chronological age had significant (p<0.001) predictive effect on the skeletal maturation. A one-percentile increase in the BMI-percentile decreases the likelihood of healthy children to be in the peak-pubertal by 1.504 when compared to obese children (p=0.305). Conclusions: This study showed that BMI-percentile is a weak predictor of skeletal maturation. However, obese children had a tendency towards advanced skeletal maturation than healthy participants. It is therefore suggested that orthodontists should consider early implementation of jaw modification treatments among obese children.

Ethical aspects of age estimation for forensic purposes in Saudi Arabia / Aspectos éticos de la estimación de la edad para propósitos forenses en Arabia Saudita / Aspectos éticos da estimativa de idade para propósitos forenses na Arábia Saudita

Abstract: In forensic and legal contexts, an assessment of skeletal maturation is required to predict the chronological age in certain circumstances in which the chronological age is undocumented or unable to be proven. Carrying such medical examinations will always pose an ethical concern, especially in cases of assessing sexual maturity as well as examinations involving ionizing radiation. The cultural and religious barriers are also discussed concerning the ethical standards set in Saudi Arabia. Several ethical issues concerning age estimation examinations including issues related to consent forms, privacy, and radiation hazards have been documented. While ethical issues regarding radiation hazards are more likely to be overcome by introducing other imaging modalities without radiation hazards, ethics related to consent forms and privacy are still to be improved.

Resumen: En contextos forenses y legales, se requiere la evaluación de la maduración del esqueleto para predecir la edad cronológica en ciertas circunstancias en que la edad cronológica no está documentada o no es posible de probar. Realizar tales exámenes médicos siempre significa una preocupación ética, especialmente en casos de evaluación de madurez sexual así como en exámenes que involucran radiaciones ionizantes. Se discuten también las barreras culturales y religiosas relacionadas con el contexto de estándares éticos en Arabia Saudita. Entre los varios temas éticos relacionados con la estimación de la edad, se documentan temas relacionados con los formularios de consentimiento, privacidad y riesgos de radiación. Mientras que los temas éticos relacionados con riesgos de radiación pueden ser resueltos al introducir otras modalidades de examen sin radiación, los problemas éticos relacionados con los formularios de consentimiento y privacidad todavía necesitan mejorarse.

Resumo: Em contextos forenses e legais, uma avaliação de maturação esquelética é requerida para predizer a idade cronológica em certas circunstâncias nas quais a idade cronológica não é documentada ou impossível de ser provada. Conduzir tais exames médicos sempre irá suscitar uma preocupação ética, especialmente em casos para avaliar maturidade sexual bem como exames envolvendo radiação ionizante. As barreiras culturais e religiosas também são discutidas no que diz respeito a padrões éticos estabelecidos na Arábia Saudita. Diversos aspectos éticos concernentes a exames de estimativa de idade incluindo aspectos relacionados a formulários de consentimento, privacidade e risco de radiação foram documentados. Ao passo que aspectos éticos que dizem respeito a risco de radiação serem mais provavelmente superáveis pela introdução de outras modalidades de exames de imagem sem risco de radiação, a ética relacionada a formulários de consentimento e privacidade ainda estão por serem melhorados.

Mandibular orthopedic advancement in different facial patterns and distinct stages of skeletal maturation

ABSTRACT The Herbst appliance can be very effective in treatment of Class II patients with mandibular retrognathism. Because of the continuous action in a full-time basis, treatment time using it normally takes from six to ten months, and is usually followed by a second phase of full fixed appliances, in order to obtain both occlusal refinement and long term stability. Despite Herbst appliance's effectiveness in the occlusal and dentoalveolar perspectives, its facial results may differ among patients with different growth patterns, as well as in distinct stages of skeletal maturation. In the current paper, two patients with different facial patterns are presented, who were treated under the same protocol, using Herbst and full fixed appliances in different skeletal maturation stages, and both dentoalveolar and facial results are compared and discussed.

RESUMO Um número significativo de pacientes que procuram o tratamento ortodôntico apresenta má oclusão de Classe II acompanhada pelo retrognatismo mandibular. Abordagens ortopédicas para avanço mandibular são comumente utilizadas enquanto houver crescimento facial remanescente e, nesses casos, o estágio de maturação esquelética deve ser avaliado para definir a melhor época de intervenção terapêutica. Após concluída a fase ortopédica, normalmente é realizada uma segunda fase ortodôntica para refinamento oclusal, com o intuito de oferecer maior estabilidade das correções em longo prazo. No presente artigo, serão discutidos os resultados do avanço mandibular ortopédico considerando-se diferentes estágios de crescimento.

Measuring Agreement of Modified MP3 and CVMS according to BMI Percentile / 대한소아치과학회지

The objective of this study was to examine measuring agreement between middle phalanx of the third finger and cervical vertebrae analysis for assessing skeletal maturity according to body mass index percentile. A retrospective chart view was used to select patients with body mass index data, hand - wrist radiographs and lateral cephalograms of same day. The patients were divided into 4 groups by body mass index percentile. The hand - wrist radiographs were analyzed using modified middle phalanx of the third finger method and the lateral cephalograms were categorized according to cervical vertebral maturation stage. The degree of agreement between the 2 methods of analyzing skeletal maturation was measured by calculating weighted kappa statistic according to body mass index percentile group. There was a good agreement between the 2 methods in the entire body mass index percentile group. According to the body mass index percentile group, the agreement was found to be different, and the pattern was different between boys and girls. Pediatric dentist should consider sex and weight status when evaluating growing children and adolescents because it can affect the agreement of 2 method of analyzing skeletal maturation.

Relationship between dental calcification and skeletal maturation in a Peruvian sample

ABSTRACT Objective: the objective of the study was to determine the relationship between dental calcification stages and skeletal maturation in a Peruvian sample. Methods: panoramic, cephalometric and carpal radiographs of 78 patients (34 girls and 44 boys) between 7 and 17 years old (9.90 ± 2.5 years) were evaluated. Stages of tooth calcification of the mandibular canine, first premolar, second premolar, and second molar and the skeletal maturation with a hand-wrist and a cervical vertebrae method were assessed. The relationships between the stages were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Additionally, the associations of mandibular and pubertal growth peak stages with tooth calcification were evaluated by Fisher's exact test. Results: all teeth showed positive and statistically significant correlations, the highest correlation was between the mandibular second molar calcification stages with hand-wrist maturation stages (r = 0.758, p < 0.001) and with vertebrae cervical maturation stages (r = 0.605, p < 0.001). The pubertal growth spurt was found in the G stage of calcification of the second mandibular molar, and the mandibular growth peak was found in the F stage of calcification of the second molar. Conclusion: there was a positive relationship between dental calcification stages and skeletal maturation stages by hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae methods in the sample studied. Dental calcification stages of the second mandibular molar showed the highest positive correlation with the hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae stages.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a correlação entre o estágio de calcificação dentária e a maturação esquelética, em uma amostra de indivíduos peruanos. Métodos: radiografias panorâmicas, cefalométricas e carpais de 78 pacientes (34 meninas e 44 meninos) com idades entre 7 e 17 anos (média = 9,90 ± 2,5 anos) foram avaliadas. Nelas, avaliaram-se os estágios de calcificação dentária (canino, primeiro pré-molar, segundo pré-molar e segundo molar inferiores) e de maturação esquelética, pelas avaliações radiográficas da mão e punho e das vértebras cervicais. As correlações entre esses estágios foram avaliadas usando-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Adicionalmente, a associação entre os estágios em que ocorreram os picos de crescimento mandibular e de crescimento puberal e o grau de calcificação dentária foi avaliada pelo teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: todos os dentes demonstraram correlações positivas e estatisticamente significativas. A correlação mais elevada foi verificada entre o estágio de calcificação do segundo molar inferior e o estágio de maturação esquelética da mão e do punho (r= 0,758, p < 0,001) e o estágio de maturação das vértebras cervicais (r = 0,605, p < 0,001). O surto de crescimento puberal foi identificado no estágio G de calcificação do segundo molar inferior, e o pico de crescimento mandibular foi detectado no estágio F de calcificação do segundo molar. Conclusão: na amostra estudada, houve uma correlação positiva entre os estágios de calcificação dentária e os estágios de maturação esquelética avaliada nas radiografias de mão e punho e das vértebras cervicais. Os estágios de calcificação dentária do segundo molar inferior demonstraram a mais alta correlação positiva com os estágios de maturação da mão e punho e das vértebras cervicais.

Determinación de los estadios de maduración esquelética por medio de análisis de Bacceti / Determination of the stages of skeletal maturation by analysis Bacceti

Objetivo: Identificar el estadio de maduración esquelética según la edad cronológica de los pacientes pediátricos con rango de edad de 8 a 12 años que asistieron al Programa de Odontología de la Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en el periodo 2012 - 2013, con niños de 8 a 12 años que presentaban radiografías digitales cefálicas laterales. Se identificaron las vértebras C2, C3 y C4; se realizaron los trazos de las vértebras con lápiz de grafito en papel de calco. Resultados: En un total de 100 pacientes pediátricos estudiados, el 49 % equivalente a 49 niños de género masculino y el 51% a 51 niñas de género femenino. El promedio de edad tanto de las niñas como de los niños fue de 9.1 ± 1.02. Deun total de 100 pacientes pediátricos estudiados, el 48% se encontraba en estadio 1 (CMV1), el 38% en estadio 2 (CMV2) y el 14% en estadio 3 (CMV3). Conclusión: Las mujeres presentaban cambios más tempranos que los hombres. La radiografía cefálica lateral es método útil, económico, fácil y confiable para valorar el grado de osificación, es estadísticamente fiable y válido.

Objective: to identify the stage of skeletal maturation according to the chronological age of pediatric patients ranging from 8 to 12 years who attended the Dental Program at the Corporacion Universitaria Rafael Núñez. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from 2012 to 2013, in children from 8 to 12 years presenting digital cephalic lateral radiographs. C2, C3 and C4 vertebrae were identified; strokes of the vertebrae were performed with graphite pencil on tracing paper. Results: From a total of 100 pediatric patients studied, 49% (49) were male and 51% (51) female. The average age of both was 9.1 ± 1.02, 48% were in stage 1 (CMV1), 38% were in stage 2 (CMV2), and 14% were in stage 3 (CMV3). Conclusion: girls had earlier changes than boys. The cephalic lateral radiograph is a useful, economical, easy and reliable method to assess the degree of ossification, and it is statistically reliable and valid.

Indicadores de maduración esquelética y dental en pacientes de ortodoncia con menarquía / Indicators of skeletal and dental maturation in orthodontics patients presenting menarche

El propósito del presente trabajo fue determinar según la menarquía: la edad ósea, los estadios de maduración esquelética, los estadios de maduración de las vértebras cervicales y los estadios de calcificación del canino y el segundo premolar mandibulares izquierdos. Se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo en 30 pacientes femeninas con menarquía que ingresaron en la Clínica de Ortodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana, en el periodo comprendido entre abril de 2004 y septiembre de 2006. A cada paciente se le realizó una telerradiografía lateral de cráneo, una radiografía de la mano izquierda y una radiografía panorámica o periapical de la hemiarcada mandibular izquierda. En cada caso se evaluaron los métodos Taner-Whitehouse 2 (TW2), Grave y Brown, Hassel y Farman y Demirjian. Se estudiaron las variables: edad de aparición de la menarquía, edad ósea, edad cronológica, estadios de maduración esquelética, estadios de maduración de las vértebras cervicales, estadios de calcificación del canino y el segundo premolar mandibulares izquierdos. El promedio de la edad de aparición de la menarquía en esta muestra fue de 12,00 años con una desviación estándar de 1,00 año. Los promedios de la edad ósea fueron superiores a los de la edad cronológica en todos los grupos de edades. Las 30 pacientes estudiadas se encontraban en: estadios de maduración esquelética mayores que 4, estadios de maduración de las vértebras cervicales mayores que 1, estadio H de calcificación del canino mandibular izquierdo y estadios superiores al E para el segundo premolar mandibular izquierdo. En todos los métodos determinados se encontró que la mayoría de las pacientes con menarquía estaban en los estadios de maduración más avanzados(AU)

The aim of present paper was to determine according menarche the bone age, skeletal maturation stages, maturation stage of cervical vertebrae and the stages of calcification of canine and the second left mandibular premolars. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 female patients with menarche admitted in the Orthodontics Clinic of the Stomatology Faculty of La Habana from April, 2004 to September, 2006. Each patient undergoes a lateral teleradiography of skull, radiography of the left hand and a panoramic of periapical radiography of the left mandibular hemiarcade. In each case the Taner-Whitehouse 2 (TW2), Grave and Brown, Hassel and Farman and Demirjian methods were assessed. Following variables were studied: age at menarche appearance, bone age, chronologic age, skeletal maturation stages, the maturation stages of cervical vertebrae, calcification stages of the canine and the second left mandibular premolar. The age mean of the menarche's appearance in our sample was of 12,00 years with a SD of 1,00 year. Means of bone age were higher than those of chronologic age in all age groups. The 30 study patients were in skeletal maturation stages higher then 4, in maturation stages of cervical vertebrae higher than 1, in H stage of calcification of left mandibular canine and in stages higher than E for the second left mandibular premolar. In all determined methods most of patients with menarche were in more advances maturation stages(AU)

Avaliação da idade e maturação óssea em crianças cardiopatas / Evaluation of bone age and skeletal maturation in children with heart disease

O estudo do crescimento e desenvolvimento é essencial para a Ortodontia, pois cada criança possui um padrão único. Na presença de doenças sistêmicas como as cardiopatias, um exame mais detalhado deve ser feito, uma vez que estas podem alterar o crescimento e desenvolvimento. Um dos métodos mais utilizados nesta avaliação é a análise da calcificação dos ossos da mão e punho. Porém, as modificações no tamanho e forma das vértebras cervicais vêm sendo muito utilizadas nas últimas décadas pelo fato de ser realizada em radiografias cefalométricas laterais, rotineiramente utilizadas no diagnóstico ortodôntico. Inicialmente, os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a correlação entre os métodos de obtenção da idade óssea e dos estágios de maturação óssea que utilizam os indicadores presentes na região de mão e punho e os presentes nas vértebras cervicais em um grupo de crianças cardiopatas e não cardiopatas. A partir da correlação positiva e significativa, utilizou-se o método das vértebras cervicais para comparar a idade óssea, a diferença entre idade óssea e cronológica e os estágios de maturação óssea entre crianças cardiopatas e não cardiopatas. A amostra foi formada por 120 crianças com idades entre 4,83 a 14,66 anos, atendidas no Ambulatório de Pediatria do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto. Entre estas, 73 eram cardiopatas, todas portadoras de cardiopatias congênitas cianóticas e 47 não cardiopatas, que faziam apenas acompanhamento de rotina, com idades médias de 9,3 e 8,9 anos respectivamente. A idade e maturação óssea foram verificadas através de radiografias cefalométricas laterais e carpais. A determinação da idade óssea foi realizada pelo método de Mito et al. nas radiografias cefalométricas laterais e pelo método de Greulich e Pyle nas radiografias carpais. E, os estágios de maturação óssea foram obtidos pelo método de Hassel e Farman nas radiografias cefalométricas laterais e pelo método de Singer nas radiografias carpais.

The study of growth and development is essential for orthodontics, because each child has a unique pattern. In the presence of systemic diseases such as congenital heart disease, a more detailed examination must be made, since they may alter their growth and development. One of the methods used for this evaluation is bone ossification analysis of the hand and wrist region. However, changes in size and shape of the cervical vertebrae have been widely used in recent decades because it is performed in lateral cephalometric radiographs, routinely used in orthodontic diagnosis. Initially, our objectives were to assess the correlation between the methods for obtaining bone age and skeletal maturation stages using the indicators present in the hand and wrist region and in the cervical vertebrae in a group of children with and without heart disease. Based on the positive and significant correlation, the cervical vertebrae method was chosen to compare bone age, the difference between bone age and chronological and skeletal maturation stages between children with and without heart disease. The sample comprised 120 children aged 4.83 to 14.66 years, that attended the Pediatric Clinic of Pedro Ernesto University Hospital. Among these, 73 presented cyanotic congenital heart disease and 47 had no heart disease and were only on follow-up, with a mean age of 9.3 and 8.9 years respectively. The bone age and skeletal maturation were verified by lateral cephalometric radiographs and hand-wrist radiographs. The bone age determination was performed by the Mito et al. method on lateral cephalometric radiographs and by the Greulich and Pyle method on hand-wrist radiographs. The skeletal maturation stages were obtained by the Hassel and Farman method on lateral cephalometric radiographs and by the Singer method on hand-wrist radiographs. The correlation between the methods for obtaining bone age and skeletal maturation stages showed a positive and significant ...

Avaliação da idade e maturação óssea em crianças cardiopatas / Evaluation of bone age and skeletal maturation in children with heart disease

O estudo do crescimento e desenvolvimento é essencial para a Ortodontia, pois cada criança possui um padrão único. Na presença de doenças sistêmicas como as cardiopatias, um exame mais detalhado deve ser feito, uma vez que estas podem alterar o crescimento e desenvolvimento. Um dos métodos mais utilizados nesta avaliação é a análise da calcificação dos ossos da mão e punho. Porém, as modificações no tamanho e forma das vértebras cervicais vêm sendo muito utilizadas nas últimas décadas pelo fato de ser realizada em radiografias cefalométricas laterais, rotineiramente utilizadas no diagnóstico ortodôntico. Inicialmente, os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a correlação entre os métodos de obtenção da idade óssea e dos estágios de maturação óssea que utilizam os indicadores presentes na região de mão e punho e os presentes nas vértebras cervicais em um grupo de crianças cardiopatas e não cardiopatas. A partir da correlação positiva e significativa, utilizou-se o método das vértebras cervicais para comparar a idade óssea, a diferença entre idade óssea e cronológica e os estágios de maturação óssea entre crianças cardiopatas e não cardiopatas. A amostra foi formada por 120 crianças com idades entre 4,83 a 14,66 anos, atendidas no Ambulatório de Pediatria do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto. Entre estas, 73 eram cardiopatas, todas portadoras de cardiopatias congênitas cianóticas e 47 não cardiopatas, que faziam apenas acompanhamento de rotina, com idades médias de 9,3 e 8,9 anos respectivamente. A idade e maturação óssea foram verificadas através de radiografias cefalométricas laterais e carpais. A determinação da idade óssea foi realizada pelo método de Mito et al. nas radiografias cefalométricas laterais e pelo método de Greulich e Pyle nas radiografias carpais. E, os estágios de maturação óssea foram obtidos pelo método de Hassel e Farman nas radiografias cefalométricas laterais e pelo método de Singer nas radiografias carpais.

The study of growth and development is essential for orthodontics, because each child has a unique pattern. In the presence of systemic diseases such as congenital heart disease, a more detailed examination must be made, since they may alter their growth and development. One of the methods used for this evaluation is bone ossification analysis of the hand and wrist region. However, changes in size and shape of the cervical vertebrae have been widely used in recent decades because it is performed in lateral cephalometric radiographs, routinely used in orthodontic diagnosis. Initially, our objectives were to assess the correlation between the methods for obtaining bone age and skeletal maturation stages using the indicators present in the hand and wrist region and in the cervical vertebrae in a group of children with and without heart disease. Based on the positive and significant correlation, the cervical vertebrae method was chosen to compare bone age, the difference between bone age and chronological and skeletal maturation stages between children with and without heart disease. The sample comprised 120 children aged 4.83 to 14.66 years, that attended the Pediatric Clinic of Pedro Ernesto University Hospital. Among these, 73 presented cyanotic congenital heart disease and 47 had no heart disease and were only on follow-up, with a mean age of 9.3 and 8.9 years respectively. The bone age and skeletal maturation were verified by lateral cephalometric radiographs and hand-wrist radiographs. The bone age determination was performed by the Mito et al. method on lateral cephalometric radiographs and by the Greulich and Pyle method on hand-wrist radiographs. The skeletal maturation stages were obtained by the Hassel and Farman method on lateral cephalometric radiographs and by the Singer method on hand-wrist radiographs. The correlation between the methods for obtaining bone age and skeletal maturation stages showed a positive and significant ...

The relationship between malocclusion and menarcheal age, and its secular trend for Korean women / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the mean age of menarche, its secular trend in Korean women, and the relationship between malocclusion and the rate of skeletal maturation, as defined by menarcheal age. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data on menarcheal age from 931 Korean women born during 1961 - 1997. Subjects were divided by the malocclusion type and birth-year decade into 3 and 4 groups, respectively. The mean menarcheal age for each group was determined, and one-way ANOVA was performed for intergroup comparison (p = 0.05). Two-way ANOVA was also performed to compare all the 12 subgroups (p = 0.05). RESULTS: The mean age of menarche was 12.82 years for Korean women born during 1961 - 1997. A distinct downward secular trend of menarcheal age was noticed (p 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A positive secular trend towards earlier menarche exists among Korean women. Malocclusion does not show any significant relationship with the rate of skeletal maturation, as defined by menarcheal age.

A correlative study of dental age and skeletal maturation.

Introduction: Skeletal age had been assessed by comparison between maturation of hand-wrist with stages of cervical vertebrae or canine calcification stages in past and this had been closely related to craniofacial growth. The importance of pubertal growth spurt in various types of orthodontic therapies is already established. Aims and Objectives: Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate the relationship of skeletal maturity by hand-wrist with cervical vertebral maturation indicators and canine calcification stages. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of randomly selected 90 children from Lucknow population with 45 males (age range 10-13 years) and 45 females (age range 9-12 years). Lateral Cephalogram, hand-wrist x-ray, and periapical x-rays of maxillary and mandibular right canines were taken. Statistical Analysis: Mean, standard deviation was calculated of different groups. Correlation was made among cervical vertebral maturation, hand wrist maturation, and canine calcification stages at various age groups. Results: There was strong correlation between skeletal maturation indicator and cervical vertebral maturation indicator for both male (0.849) and female (0.932), whereas correlation between skeletal maturation indicator and canine calcification was good for both male and female (0.635, 0.891). Conclusion: It was concluded that cervical vertebral maturation indicator and canine calcification stages can also be used for assessing skeletal maturity.

Evaluation of skeletal maturation by comparing the hand wrist radiograph and cervical vertebrae as seen in lateral cephalogram.

Background and Objectives: Aim of this study was to determine the validity of cervical vertebrae radiographic assessment to predict skeletal maturation. Materials and Methods: Left-hand wrist and lateral cephalometric radiographs of 100 Bangalore children aged 8-18 years, divided into 10 groups of 10 subjects each with equal distribution of males and females, were measured. On left-hand wrist radiograph, the classification of Fishman was used to assess skeletal maturation. Cervical vertebrae maturation was evaluated with lateral cephalometric radiograph, using the stages developed by Hassel and Farman. The changes in hand wrist and cervical vertebrae were correlated. Results: Significant association was observed between skeletal maturation indicator stages and cervical vertebrae maturation indicator stages. Correlation coefficient was found to be significant (P<0.0001). Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that the cervical vertebrae maturation and hand wrist skeletal maturation was significantly related.

Comparative study between cervical vertebrae and hand-wrist maturation for the assessment of skeletal age / Estudo comparativo entre maturação de vértebras cervicais e da mão e punho para a determinação da idade esqueletal

Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the cervical vertebrae maturity, using a lateral cephalogram,which is routinely taken before orthodontic treatment and is included as a part of the patient’srecord, with hand-wrist maturation method. Materials and methods: The study group comprised ofsixty subjects of Bangalore, Indian, origin, aged between 9-18 years. Hand wrist radiograph and lateralcephalograms were taken for these subjects. Assessment of skeletal maturation was done using SkeletalMaturity Indicators (SMI’s) from hand-wrist radiograph and Cervical Vertebrae Maturity Indicators(CVMI’s) from lateral cephalogram. A pair wise comparison for skeletal age assessment stages was doneusing Wilcoxon sign rank test and proportions was compared using Chi-Square test for statistical analysis.Results: Skeletal maturity assessed using the cervical vertebrae maturation index (CVMI) method andhand-wrist skeletal maturational index (SMI) method showed no statistical signifi cant difference for malesand females. However, females showed maturation at an early age as compared to males. Conclusions:Since properly utilized cervical vertebrae assessment provided a reliable assessment of pubertal growthspurt, it would be benefi cial to use a lateral cephalogram for skeletal maturity assessment and thereby eliminate the need for an additional radiograph (hand-wrist radiograph). This is cost effective and will alsoreduce the radiation exposure to the patient.

Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a maturidade das vértebras cervicais, por meio de umcefalograma lateral, que é rotineiramente obtido antes de tratamentos ortodônticos, com um método de medição dematuração de mão e punho. Materiais e métodos: O grupo estudado consistiu de sessenta indivíduos da região deBangalore, Índia, com idades entre 9 e 18 anos, de ambos os sexos. Radiografi as de mão e punho e cefalogramas emnorma lateral foram obtidos. A determinação da maturação esquelética foi determinada com o uso de Indicadoresde Maturidade Esquelética para radiografi as de mão e punho e Indicadores de Maturidade de Vértebras Cervicaispara cefalogramas em norma lateral. A comparação por pareamento para determinação da idade esqueletal foi feitautilizando o teste de ranqueamento de Wilcoxon e as proporções comparadas pelo teste Qui-Quadrado para análiseestatística. Resultados: A maturidade esquelética determinada pelo índice de maturação esquelética não mostroudiferença estatística signifi cante para homens e mulheres. Entretanto, em mulheres a maturação ocorreu em idademais precoce quando comparadas com os homens. Conclusões: Uma vez utilizado adequadamente, o método dedeterminação da maturidade das vértebras cervicais proporciona um indicativo confi ável do crescimento no estirãoda puberdade, o qual pode ser útil no estabelecimento da maturidade esqueletal por meio de cefalogramas laterais,eliminando assim a necessidade de radiografi as adicionais de mão e punho. Essa eliminação das radiografi as de mãoe punho é custo-efetiva e igualmente reduz a exposição do paciente à radiação ionizante.

Evaluación de la maduración ósea a través de las vértebras cervicales en pacientes de ortodoncia / Assessment of bone maturation in cervical vertebrae in Orthodontics patients

Objetivo: Verificar si se puede prescindir de la radiografía de la mano izquierda en la evaluación de la maduración ósea en pacientes de Ortodoncia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo en 150 pacientes que ingresaron en la Clínica de Ortodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana en el período comprendido entre abril de 2004 y septiembre de 2006. Se seleccionaron pacientes con buen estado general de salud, ausencia de enfermedades crónicas y de oligodoncias, así como aquellos que por las características de su maloclusión necesitaran una telerradiografía lateral de cráneo. La misma se le realizó a cada paciente, y también una radiografía de la mano izquierda. En cada caso se evaluaron los métodos de Grave y Brown y Hassel y Farman, y se identificó la concordancia entre éstos mediante un coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: Se encontraron coeficientes de concordancia altos y estadísticamente muy significativos entre las evaluaciones realizadas a través de la mano izquierda y a través de las vértebras cervicales: sexo femenino Kappa= 0,828 (p< 0,010) y sexo masculino Kappa= 0,767 (p< 0,010). Conclusión: En los pacientes estudiados la maduración ósea puede ser evaluada a través de las vértebras cervicales; de manera que es posible sustituir la radiografía de la mano izquierda, lo cual proporciona ahorro de recursos y una mejor atención al paciente(AU)

Objective: To verify if it is possible to avoid the left hand radiography in assessment of bone maturation in Orthodontics patients. Methods: A cross sectional and descriptive study was conducted in 150 patients admitted in the Orthodontics Clinic of Stomatology Faculty of Havana City from April, 2004 to September, 2006. Patients selected had a good general health status, lack of chronic diseases and of oligodontias, as well as those with malocclusion and that will need a lateral teleradiography of skull carrying out in each patient and also a left hand radiography. In each case Grave's and Brown's and Hassel's and Farman's methods identifying the concordance among them by Kappa coefficient. Results: There were high and very significant statistic concordance coefficients among the assessment carried out in left hand and by cervical vertebrae: female sex Kappa= 0,828 (p< 0,010) and male sex Kappa= 0,767 (p< 0.010). Conclusion: In study patients the bone maturation may be assessed by cervical vertebrae being possible to replace the left hand radiography allowing a resources saving and a better care to patient(AU)

Concordancia entre los estadios de maduración esquelética y los estadios de calcificación dental / Concordance among skeletal maturation stages and dental calcification stages

Se realizó una investigación de innovación tecnológica, de corte transversal, con el objetivo de verificar que en los pacientes de ortodoncia se puede prescindir de la radiografía de la mano izquierda en la evaluación del potencial de crecimiento, para lo cual se estudió una muestra de 150 pacientes entre 8 y 16 años, que ingresaron en la Clínica de Ortodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana, entre los años 2004 y 2006. A cada paciente se le realizó una radiografía de la mano izquierda, donde se determinaron los estadios de maduración esquelética a través del método de Grave y Brown y una radiografía panóramica o periapicales de la hemiarcada mandibular izquierda, donde se determinaron los estadios de calcificación del canino y el segundo premolar mandibulares izquierdos, por el método de Demirjian y colaboradores. Se calculó la concordancia entre los métodos evaluados, se encontraron altos coeficientes de concordancia y fue mayor en el sexo masculino y en el canino (Kappa= 0,913). Se concluyó que en la evaluación del potencial de crecimiento que presentan los pacientes de ortodoncia se puede sustituir la radiografía de la mano izquierda por radiografías periapicales del canino y el segundo premolar mandibulares izquierdos, lo cual permite la realización de las radiografías en el propio servicio de estomatología, con los beneficios que ello reporta en cuanto a mejor atención del paciente y ahorro de recursos(AU)

A cross-sectional research was conducted related to a technological innovation to verify that in Orthodontics patients it is possible to obviate the left hand X-ray in assessment of the potential growth in 150 patients aged 8 and 16 seen in the Orthodontics Clinic of Stomatology Faculty of La Habana City between 2004 and 2006. In each patient we made an X-ray of left hand determining the skeletal maturation stages by Grave and Brown method and a panoramic or periapical X-ray of the left mandibular hemiarcade where it was possible to determine the calcification stages of left mandibular canine and second premolars by Demirjian et al method. Concordance among assessed methods was estimated noting high concordance coefficients greater in male sex and in canine (Kappa= 0,913). We conclude that in assessment of potential growth of Orthodontics patients the left hand X-ray may be replaced by periapical X-rays of left mandibular canine and second premolars, allowing the carrying out of X-rays in the Stomatology service with its benefits related to a better patient's care and saving of resources(AU)

Método simplificado para determinar el potencial de crecimiento en pacientes de Ortodoncia / A simplified method to determine the potential growth in Orthodontics patients

Se realizó una investigación de innovación tecnológica, de corte transversal, con el objetivo de presentar un método simplificado para determinar el potencial de crecimiento en pacientes tributarios de tratamiento ortodóncico, en una muestra de 150 pacientes entre 8 y 16 años, que ingresaron en la Clínica de Ortodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatología de la Habana, entre los años 2004 y 2006. A cada paciente se le realizó una radiografía de la mano izquierda y por primera vez en Cuba se estudiaron en la misma muestra, tres métodos de evaluación del potencial de crecimiento (métodos TW2, Grave y Brown, y determinación de los estadios de maduración de la falange media del tercer dedo). Una vez determinados éstos, se calcularon la correlación y la concordancia entre los mismos. Hubo altos coeficientes de correlación (hembras rho= 0,888 y varones rho= 0,921) y de concordancia (hembras Kappa= 1,000 y varones Kappa= 0,964). Se concluyó que la evaluación del potencial de crecimiento que presentaron los pacientes de Ortodoncia puede ser efectuada mediante la realización de una radiografía de la falange media del tercer dedo de la mano izquierda, lo cual constituye un útil método simplificado de evaluación(AU)

A cross-sectional technological innovation research was conducted to tender a simplified method to determine the potential growth of 150 Orthodontics patients aged between 8 and 16 admitted in the Orthodontics Clinic from the Stomatology of Ciudad de La Habana in 2004 and 2006. Each patient underwent left hand X-ray and for the first time in Cuba and in the same sample it was possible to study three assessment methods of potential growth (TW2 Method, Grave and Brown and stage determination of maturation of middle phalanx of third finger). After determination, we estimated the correlation and concordance among them, noting high correlation coefficients (rho females= 0,888 and rho= males 0,921) and of concordance (Kappa females= 1,000 and Kappa males= 0,964). We conclude that the assessment of potential growth in Orthodontics patients may be conducted by X-ray of middle phalanx of third finger of left hand being a simplified method to this end(AU)

A relação entre o crescimento mandibular e a maturação esquelética em jovens brasileiras melanodermas / Relationship between mandibular growth and skeletal maturation in young melanodermic Brazilian women

OBJETIVO: avaliar o grau de correlação existente entre o crescimento mandibular e a maturação esquelética em jovens brasileiras melanodermas. MÉTODOS: examinou-se 140 telerradiografias, obtidas em norma lateral e 140 radiografias de mão e punho de jovens do gênero feminino, brasileiras, melanodermas, com 8 a 14 anos de idade, com oclusão normal ou má oclusão de Classe I, de Angle, não submetidas a tratamento ortodôntico prévio. Nas radiografias da mão e do punho, avaliou-se o desenvolvimento dos centros de ossificação da falange proximal do 3º dedo e da epífise distal do osso rádio, apoiando-se no método descrito por Eklõf e Ringertz; e nas telerradiografias, obtidas em norma lateral, analisou-se a pneumatização do seio frontal, de acordo com o método descrito por Rüf e Pancherz, e as medidas cefalométricas representativas do crescimento mandibular (Co-Go, Co-Gn, Go-Gn e Fg-Pg). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística, utilizando-se a Correlação de Pearson, para determinar o grau de relacionamento entre as variáveis. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: ocorreu uma correlação altamente significativa entre os centros de ossificação observados na radiografia de mão e punho e as medidas cefalométricas representativas do crescimento mandibular (r = 0,777). Apesar de estatisticamente significativa, ocorreu uma baixa correlação entre a pneumatização do seio frontal e os eventos da maturidade esquelética (r = 0,306), assim como a relação entre a pneumatização do seio frontal e as medidas cefalométricas representativas do crescimento mandibular (r = 0,218).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of correlation between mandibular growth and skeletal maturation in young melanodermic Brazilian women. METHODS: The authors examined 140 lateral teleradiographies and an additional 140 radiographies of hands and wrists of young female Brazilian melanodermic subjects aged 8 to 14 years with normal occlusion or Angle Class I malocclusion, who had not been subjected to previous orthodontic treatment. Using the hand and wrist radiographies, the authors evaluated the development of ossification centers in the proximal phalanx of the 3rd finger and the distal epiphysis of the radius bone, drawing on the method described by Eklõf and Ringertz. The lateral teleradiographies enabled an analysis of frontal sinus pneumatization according to the method described by Ruf and Pancherz, and of the cephalometric measurements representative of mandibular growth, namely, Co-Go, Co-Gn, Go-Gn, Fg-Pg. The data were statistically analyzed using Pearson's Correlation to determine the degree of relationship between variables. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A highly significant correlation was found between ossification centers observed on the hand and wrist radiographies and cephalometric measurements representative of the mandibular growth (r = 0.777). Although statistically significant, there was a low correlation between frontal sinus pneumatization and the progression of skeletal maturity (r = 0.306), as well as a relationship between frontal sinus pneumatization and the cephalometric measurements representative of mandibular growth (r = 0.218).

Comparação entre as idades óssea, dentária e cronológica por meio de método radiográfico simplificado / Comparison between bone age, dental age and chronologic age through radiographic simplified method

O objetivo deste estudo é a comparação entre a idade óssea, idade cronológica e o padrão de desenvolvimento dentário, com a finalidade de obter uma diretriz para a escolha da época de tratamento ortodôntico mais conveniente. Foram analisados clinicamente 140 pacientes, na faixa etária de 7 a 13 anos, de ambos os gêneros. Para a determinação da idade óssea esses mesmos pacientes foram submetidos a exame radiográfico da região da articulação metacarpofalangeana do primeiro dedo da mão esquerda, utilizando película radiográfica oclusal, pela técnica de cone longo (40 cm), com tempo de exposição de 0,9 segundo, para avaliação do desenvolvimento do osso sesamóide adutor. Conclui-se que o método radiológico empregado é de fácil aplicação, principalmente em cidades que não possuem centros radiológicos. A ossificação do osso sesamóide adutor pode ser utilizado como indicador do início do Surto de Crescimento Puberal (SCP) sendo mais precoce nos indivíduos de gênero feminino; o padrão dentário é variável tanto para a idade óssea como para a cronológica em ambos os gêneros.

The aim of this study is a comparison between bone age, chronologic age and dental age, with the purpose of to obtain a guideline for the choice of the treatment time more convenient. Were analyzed 140 patients both genre, in the age group from 7 to 13 year. For the determination of the bone age those same patients were submitted to radiographic exam of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the first finger of the left hand using radiographic oclusal film, for the technique of the long cone (40 cm), with time of exhibition of 0,9 seconds, for the evaluation of the development of the sesamoid adutor bone. The conclusions of this study were that the radiographic method used is a easy application, mainly in cities that do not have radiological centers. The ossification of sesamoid adutor bone can be utilized as an indicator of the beginning of Pubertal Growth Spurt (PGS), being more precocious in the individuals of feminine gender; the dental pattern is variable than for bone age than for chronologic age in both genres.